Alain Locke’s The New Negro: Aspects of Negro Culture Essay

Alain Locke, in â€Å"The New Negro,† suggests that the â€Å"old Negro† is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture – such as the spiritual – that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke then takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving â€Å"city-ward,† and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north. Instead, he attributes this migration to â€Å"a new vision of opportunity. † Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new. New Negro is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term â€Å"New Negro† was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke. The New Negro,† Locke described the landscape of Harlem as filled by different notions of what it meant to be a black American. -Old Negro† as â€Å"more myth than a man† and the blind acceptance of this â€Å"formula† against ideas of â€Å"the thinking Negro† and the true diversity of actual human beings This move is significant because Locke uses this idea to create space for a more accurate representation of the Negro community in light of the antecedent ideological poles of the moral leadership and imaged blackness. Locke’s primary goal in the essay â€Å"The New Negro† is to migrate from monolithic notions of an â€Å"Old Negro†, as well as from the exhausted frameworks of bourgeois intellectual black leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the â€Å"rank and file† of Negro life (Locke, New Negro: 6). -New Negro† as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community. –// In a 1925 essay entitled â€Å"The New Negro,† Alain Locke described this transformation as an embracing of a new psychology and spirit. Locke felt that it was imperative for the â€Å"New Negro† to â€Å"smash† all of the racial, social and psychological obstacles that had previously kept the Black man from reaching his goals. –â€Å"The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make discrimination an extenuation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective; he is trying to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current social discounts â€Å"By shedding the old chrysalis of the Negro problem we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation â€Å"Negro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new soul â€Å"So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being –a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be â€Å"kept down,† or â€Å"in his place,† or â€Å"helped up,† to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden? † â€Å"In the intellectual realm a renewed and keen curiosity is replacing the recent apathy; the Negro is being carefully studied, not just talked about and discussed. In art and letters, instead of being wholly caricatured, he is being seriously portray eel and painted. Alain Locke, in â€Å"The New Negro,† suggests that the â€Å"old Negro† is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture – such as the spiritual – that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke then takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving â€Å"city-ward,† and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north. Instead, he attributes this migration to â€Å"a new vision of opportunity. † Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new. New Negro is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term â€Å"New Negro† was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke. The New Negro,† Locke described the landscape of Harlem as filled by different notions of what it meant to be a black American. -Old Negro† as â€Å"more myth than a man† and the blind acceptance of this â€Å"formula† against ideas of â€Å"the thinking Negro† and the true diversity of actual human beings This move is significant because Locke uses this idea to create space for a more accurate representation of the Negro community in light of the antecedent ideological poles of the moral leadership and imaged blackness. Locke’s primary goal in the essay â€Å"The New Negro† is to migrate from monolithic notions of an â€Å"Old Negro†, as well as from the exhausted frameworks of bourgeois intellectual black leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the â€Å"rank and file† of Negro life (Locke, New Negro: 6). -New Negro† as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community. –// In a 1925 essay entitled â€Å"The New Negro,† Alain Locke described this transformation as an embracing of a new psychology and spirit. Locke felt that it was imperative for the â€Å"New Negro† to â€Å"smash† all of the racial, social and psychological obstacles that had previously kept the Black man from reaching his goals. –â€Å"The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make discrimination an extenuation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective; he is trying to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current social discounts â€Å"By shedding the old chrysalis of the Negro problem we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation â€Å"Negro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new soul â€Å"So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being –a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be â€Å"kept down,† or â€Å"in his place,† or â€Å"helped up,† to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden? † â€Å"In the intellectual realm a renewed and keen curiosity is replacing the recent apathy; the Negro is being carefully studied, not just talked about and discussed. In art and letters, instead of being wholly caricatured, he is being seriously portray eel and painted. Alain Locke, in â€Å"The New Negro,† suggests that the â€Å"old Negro† is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture – such as the spiritual – that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke then takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving â€Å"city-ward,† and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north. Instead, he attributes this migration to â€Å"a new vision of opportunity. † Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new. New Negro is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term â€Å"New Negro† was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke. The New Negro,† Locke described the landscape of Harlem as filled by different notions of what it meant to be a black American. -Old Negro† as â€Å"more myth than a man† and the blind acceptance of this â€Å"formula† against ideas of â€Å"the thinking Negro† and the true diversity of actual human beings This move is significant because Locke uses this idea to create space for a more accurate representation of the Negro community in light of the antecedent ideological poles of the moral leadership and imaged blackness. Locke’s primary goal in the essay â€Å"The New Negro† is to migrate from monolithic notions of an â€Å"Old Negro†, as well as from the exhausted frameworks of bourgeois intellectual black leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the â€Å"rank and file† of Negro life (Locke, New Negro: 6). -New Negro† as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community. –// In a 1925 essay entitled â€Å"The New Negro,† Alain Locke described this transformation as an embracing of a new psychology and spirit. Locke felt that it was imperative for the â€Å"New Negro† to â€Å"smash† all of the racial, social and psychological obstacles that had previously kept the Black man from reaching his goals. –â€Å"The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make discrimination an extenuation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective; he is trying to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current social discounts â€Å"By shedding the old chrysalis of the Negro problem we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation â€Å"Negro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new soul â€Å"So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being –a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be â€Å"kept down,† or â€Å"in his place,† or â€Å"helped up,† to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden? † â€Å"In the intellectual realm a renewed and keen curiosity is replacing the recent apathy; the Negro is being carefully studied, not just talked about and discussed. In art and letters, instead of being wholly caricatured, he is being seriously portray eel and painted. Alain Locke, in â€Å"The New Negro,† suggests that the â€Å"old Negro† is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture – such as the spiritual – that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke then takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving â€Å"city-ward,† and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north. Instead, he attributes this migration to â€Å"a new vision of opportunity. † Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new.

Critically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity

| 3. Critically evaluate the debates surrounding the continuity of Bretton Woods’s institutions. Which of these institutions would you recommend to be discontinued? Justify your choice. While preparing to rebuild the international economic system after WWII, 730 delegates of the 44 allied nations met in New Hampshire, United States, to form the Bretton Woods agreement. The aim was to set up rules and regulations to stabilize the global monetary system and ensure the free movement of capital goods through a global market.The agreement established two regulatory institutions, firstly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to control the exchange rates and bridge temporary imbalances of payment. Secondly, the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), later known as the World Bank, which was founded to finance the reconstruction of post war Europe. In 1947 the Havana Charter proposed a third regulatory institution, the International Trade Organization (ITO) that transformed into the World Trade Organization (WTO).This essay will critically evaluate the performance of the three Bretton Wood? s institutions, giving recommendations to operational changes for the IMF and the WTO, and argue to discontinue the WB as it operates currently. The IMF was one of the key institutions that stabilized the world economy after WWII. Its initial goal was to regulate and stabilize exchange rates and assists the reconstruction of the world’s international payment system. One of the key objectives of the IMF was to prevent the devaluation cycle.Through joining the IMF in the post War period, countries surrendered their economic rights, especially on setting its exchange rate, in return they were guarantied â€Å"exchange stability, avoidance of competitive exchange depreciation and a liberal regime of international repayments† (deVries, 1986). Essentially the original conception behind the IMF, was to control the behaviour of countries that joine d the IMF, â€Å"spelled out in a code that was administered by an international institution†. The 1970s oil crisis was a turning point for the role that the IMF played.Third world countries were most affected by the oil crisis, since their economies became dependent on oil and the increasing prices accumulated large amounts of debt. The IMF agreed to lend money, and rose to †new prominence, with new functions and greater powers of control over even more dependent countries† (Peet, 2009). The main change in the IMFs mission, is the shift of lending to first world countries, in order to reconstruct the world payment system using expansionary policies, to lending to third world countries, accompanied by â€Å"conditionality’s†, which restrict countries fiscal and monetary policies.Anne Kruger, managing director of the IMF, said; â€Å"Much of what we do is very different from the way the Fund operated in those early years. It has to be. The world econ omy has changed beyond recognition. But we still apply those same core principles, international financial stability and the prevention of crises† (Kruger 2004) The IMF became subject to severe criticism, one of the main critics is Joseph Stiglitz. He argued that the IMF has failed its mission to sustain global economic stability.The main point of his argument is that the IMF has diverged its initial mission â€Å"based on the assumption that markets did not always work perfectly, that is, there were times when intervention might be needed to secure a stable global economic order â€Å"(Stiglitz, 2002) Now, he argues, the IMF operates largely on the untenable ideology that markets should be left to operate on their own, with no need of intervention. The Washington Consensus largely influenced the change in economic policies of the IMF. The Consensus was based on Latin American countries, were growth was not sustained.The belief of the Washington Consensus was that this had h appened as a result of excessive government intervention in the economy. The Consensus therefore recommended policies such as capital market liberalization, fiscal austerity and the privatisation of public companies. Furthermore, critics say; â€Å"the IMF frequently argues for the same economic policies regardless of the situation. † (Pettinger, 2008) The IMF blindly imposed the same â€Å"conditionality’s† to all its loans. What policies might have worked for one country might make matters even worse in others.The Argentinean financial crisis (1999-2002), underlines that the policies imposed by the IMF can lead a country into a severe recession. The IMF convinced the Argentinean government to maintain its fixed rate of exchange: one peso for one U. S. dollar. This made imports artificially cheap but exports too expensive. Consequently, Argentina had a severe trade deficit. Secondly, in order to maintain the overvalued currency, a country needs large reserve of dollars. The IMF lent $40 billion to support the Argentina peso, enhancing the debt of the country.On top the IMF made its loans conditional to a „zero deficitâ€Å" policy. „Argentina's implosion has the IMF's fingerprints all over it. â€Å" (Weisbrot, 2001) However the IMF has also been the last opportunity for many countries to avoid a default. Most currently, the IMF has given Greece a 1. 6 billion euro loan, to keep the Greek economy floating, and stabilize the euro zone. Another criticism of the IMF is that decisions made on which countries have the right to borrow money are made by a handful of nations who have the main rights.Out of the 24 board members in the IMF, only 10 are occupied by developing countries, holding only 26% of the shares. America in comparison has nearly 18% of the shares in the IMF. This inequality in the board of the IMF shows that decisions are mainly focused in developed countries. Stiglitz argues that the IMFs decisions were driven by the collective will of the G7. Wealthy, industrialized nations, and the commercial and financial interests within those countries dominate the IMF. The IMF was not falsely criticized, however the existence of the IMF is still important and inevitable.The current financial crisis has shown that supranational organizations such as the IMF still play a key role in stabilizing countries economies. However in order for the IMF to prosper in future and efficiently operate in economically developed and less developed countries, several changes will have to be adopted. Firstly the board members will have to split up more evenly. It is understandable that larger countries with more economic output have slightly more voting power than smaller ones. However developed countries, holding 74% of voting power, solely make decisions.Since the IMF largely gives loans to less developed countries, they should have enough members on the board to able to make decisions, on loan agreements. Secondly the IMF has to make detailed analyses of each country they borrow too, and based on that give consultancy on economic policies. History has shown that countries can prosper with different economic policies. While the western economy has largely grown on a liberalized free market, the Asian Tigers have managed to grow, ignoring the neoliberal economic policies the IMF imposed on them.Therefore the IMF must acknowledge that not every country can develop successfully under the same economic policy. The World Bank is the second institution founded at the Breton Woods conference. It was formally named the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The initial role was to help in the reconstruction of post-war Europe, hardly mentioning the issues of global poverty reduction. Now, however the World Bank operates as a development agency, providing loans to developing countries, in order to reduce poverty and increase living standards.In its mission statement the bank says, à ¢â‚¬Å"Our dream is a world without poverty†. The size of the World Bank has also changed dramatically, starting with 38 members in 1946, to 187 members currently. The World Bank comprises two main institutions, the IBRD and the International Development Agency (IDA). The IBRD provides loans to creditworthy middle-income countries, charging an interest rate of around 1%. It raises money through bond sales in the international capital market.These bonds have a triple A rating, since they are backed by member states share capital. The IDA, on the other handy, focuses on providing long-term, interest-free loans â€Å"to the world's 78 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa†, (World Bank official website, 2011) addressing issues such as primary education, basic health services clean water supply and many others. â€Å"Resources to fund IDA loans are raised through subscriptions from wealthy members such as United States, Japan and Germany† (Hill, 2002)The IBRD f inanced several successful projects in various areas in the developing world and was able to improve the living conditions and reduce the poverty rate in some areas. The IBRD, for example, largely funded the education system in Mexico. The WB funded over 18,000 schools under the â€Å"Quality Schools Programâ€Å" in rural areas of the country. Recently the WB has granted a 300 million US dollar loan, to further support Mexico’s School Education System (Educacion y Cultura, 2012). The IDA has also successfully reduced poverty and improved infrastructure in some areas of the world.A notable example is the „Highway Programâ€Å" in Azerbaijan, which focuses on â€Å"improving international and domestic road networks for stimulating economic growthâ€Å" (World Bank Official Website, 2011) The highway project reduces travel time by 33%, stimulates trade and business along the rural area and created over 20,000 jobs. However the World Bank has faced some severe critici sm as well. One of the strongest criticisms has been the negative environmental impact of some the World Bank projects. For instance, the construction of the Yacyreta dam in the 1990s in Argentina, which was largely funded by the World Bank.As a result of the dam, over 40,000 people have been displaced, and the majority of them were not compensated for their losses (The Whirled Bank Group, 2002). Furthermore, because of the dam construction several children failed to reach their school. The dam also had negative impacts on biodiversity, and due to the calm waters, diseases such as malaria and the dengue fever started to spread. Another controversial aspect of the World Bank has been its undemocratic governance structure, which is dominated by the main developed nations. These countries choose the leadership and senior management of the World Bank, and so their interests dominate the bankâ€Å" (Cornell University Press, 2006) Similarly to the IMF, the US holds the most voting power with 15. 8%, additionally all World Bank presidents have come from the US. Japan and China follow with only 7% and 6% voting power correspondingly. This large voting power inequality shows how voiceless most of the developing countries are, although nearly all loans affect their economies. The last, and arguably the most important criticism of the World Bank, are the neoliberal policies that World Bank imposed on lending nations.The ideas that were created in the Washington Consensus, including the deregulation and liberalization of markets, privatization and the downscaling of government, were seen as they key policies to promote development. However, what might have worked for the western economies might not be the best solution for developing nations. Usually the World Bank imposes structural adjustments to countries to which they lend money. These adjustments include reduced state support, and the liberalization of markets. Studies have shown that these policies have led to int ensified poverty and a slowdown in the economy, especially in African nations.Richard Peet claims that the austerity policies attached to the World Bank have â€Å" declined the per Capita income by 25% in sub-Saharan Africa, and the removal of food and agricultural subsidies caused prizes to rise and created food insecurity† (Peet, 2003). The policies have not only exacerbated poverty, but due to the imposed decline of health expenditures of governments, HIV and other diseases spread rapidly, causing the life expectancy of Africans to drop by fifteen years during the last two decades.In the Millennium Development Goal 6, the World Bank states, â€Å"to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, through prevention, care, treatment, and mitigation services for those affected by HIV/AIDSâ€Å". Although the WB has been successfully fighting AIDS in some African nations, spending over 3,000 million USD in the construction of HIV testing and teaching sites, it has worsened the situation i n other areas through imposing neoliberal economic policies on countries. Overall the â€Å"World Bank is an institution out of time and place† (Rich, 1994).The IBRD claims to be a development agency, however the institution is funded through issuing bonds on the capital market, creating a conflict of interest. Due to the fact that numerous shareholders own the IBRD, they will always have the pressure to create shareholder value, and cannot focus their attention solemnly on poverty reduction. Furthermore, the World Bank has largely overlapping interest with the IMF, especially the IBRD. They both focus on the same core neoliberal policies, and impose these on the countries they lend money to.These policies have mostly ended in poverty and economic failure in developing countries. Consequently, the IBRD should be discontinued, and the capital that the IBRD holds could be transferred to the IDA. The IDA could then be reorganised as a subgroup of the IMF. This would not only giv e the IMF a better image, but also infuse new ideas into the organisation. The IMF can still give similar loans as the IBRD did, since they have the capital and the power to credit those loans. There is no doubt that the IDA is an important institution with the correct core values, ut there is simply no need for two supranational institutions focusing on the same broad goals. On top, over the last decades, there have been increasing inflows of FDI into developing countries and private microfinance, which can boost development and GDP growth. The main role of the IDA should therefore be consultancy, to ensure the private loans are used effectively. An increased cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN should ensure sustainable poverty reduction. The third supranational institution, originating from the Breton Woods agreement is the World Trade Organization.Initially named the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), it aimed to govern internat ional trade relations, since countries would use tariffs to protect their own economies at the expense of their neighbours. This was seen as a threat to push the economy into a further recession; hence an institution was needed to encourage the free flow of goods and services. The GATT was transformed into the WTO in 1994, under the Marrakech Agreement. Currently, the WTO has 154 members, and embraces 95% of the global market.Its mission still is, to supervise and liberalize international trade. It has two main functions, firstly to provide a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes. If there is a dispute the WTO may direct the „loosingâ€Å" member to take action to bring its laws, regulations or policies into conformity with the WTO Agreements, however there is no punishment enforced. Secondly, it „oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreementsâ€Å" (WTO official website, 2012). The WTO claims that the introduced trading system has produced several benefits. Listed in the 10 benefits of the WTO) The main benefits are, firstly, that free trade generally cuts the cost of living and gives the consumer more choice. The reduced trade barriers through negotiations results in reduced costs for producers, reducing the price of finished goods and services, ultimately resulting in a lower cost of living. The increased global competition also forces producers to cut costs, again resulting in a benefit for the consumer. Secondly, lowering trade barriers adds to personal income. The WTO claims since the Uruguay Round trade deal between $109 and 510 billion dollars were added to the world income. In Europe, the EU Commission calculates that over 1989–93 EU incomes increased by 1. 1–1. 5% more than they would have done without the Single Market. Thirdly, trade stimulates economic growth, which could lead to increased jobs, if countries have the correct adjustment policies. Lastly, the least criticize d benefit of the WTO, is that the system is based on the rules rather than power. Meaning that voting power is equal for every member, and decisions are largely made by consensus.Rich and poor countries alike have an equal right to challenge each other in the WTO’s dispute settlement procedures. Although the WTO claims that free trade is essentially positive for all nations, critics have targeted the 10 benefits of WTO harshly. Richard Peet argues, that the WTO clearly does not adopt a neutral stance on trade policy. He further says; the WTO â€Å" is passionately against protectionism and just profoundly for trade liberalization† (Peet, 2003). The WTO therefore generally favours some interests while harming others. Furthermore, Peet targets the effect of free trade on workers and unemployment.The fact that the WTO shows no evidence for the increase in employment, stating reliable estimates become impossible, shows that there is little behind this benefit. Quite on the contrary, several workers have lost their job as result of free trade, due to increased competition and the cost reduction of manufacturers. Furthermore, free trade often resulted in developing countries trading more but actually earning less. The reason being, many countries were unable to shift their production from primary commodities to manufacturing. The increased competition between developing countries and dropping commodity prizes meant lower profit margins.Another point of criticism deals with the TRIPs agreement, which sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property. Critics argue that the TRIPS agreement has a detrimental effect on the access of medicine in developing countries. The most controversial issue involves the use of drugs to cure AIDS. For example, Thailand suspended the patents of drugs treating HIV and heart conditions, to make the medicine affordable for poor patients. The EU and the US protested formally and the US even threatened retal iatory actions. The WTOs operations have also been criticised for being biased towards developed nations.While the EU has largely enforced trade protectionist measures, subsidizing the textile and agricultural industry, developing nations have been forced to open their markets. European and US lobbyism plays a great role in the WTO, and explains why the US and the EU were allowed to use these protectionist measures. In general, the WTO has proved to be an extremely useful institution for freer trade, and in some cases successfully enhanced the growth of nations. However several developing countries have felt the downside of free trade, with some of their economies shrinking due to increased competition combined with higher unemployment rates.Nevertheless, according to Ingo Walter an international trade professor at NYU â€Å"the world as a whole is certainly materially better off under free trade than with no trade at all and so is the individual nationâ€Å" (Walter, 2011). The W TO will face several challenges in the future, including trade negotiation between BRIC countries and the EU and US. â€Å"If export-oriented interests mobilize in countries, including the BRICs, they will push for reciprocal market openings† (Schaffer, 2009) The WTO must ensure negotiations are fair, and to ensure that they cannot allow US and EU multinationals to interfere with the WTOs decision making.In conclusion, the critics towards the Bretton Woods institutions have several core similarities. These critics argue that the institutions do not effectively alleviate poverty, they are generally poorly governed and developing countries remain marginal and without influence in decision-making. Those institutions have profoundly affected the developing world and it is time for a reform of these organizations. This essay has outlined the possibility of a united World Bank and IMF, in order to pool the capital towards a common goal.For this merger to succeed the IMF will have t o undergo serious restructuring and embrace a goal towards the sustainable development of the world economy. Word Count: 3228 References: Bretton Woods Project. What are the main concerns and criticism about the World Bank and IMF? Available: http://www. brettonwoodsproject. org/item. shtml? x=320869 (Accessed: 15 March. 2012) de Vries,M. G. (1986) The International Monetary Fund 1966-1971. Washington D. C: International Monetary Fund Education y Cultura. (2012, March 14) World Bank lends Mexico 300 million dollars for high school. (Education y Cultura) Available: http://www. ducacionyculturaaz. com/noticias/bm-presta-a-mexico-300-mdd-para-educacion-media/? lang=en (Accessed: 20 March. 2012) Goddard. C. R, Conklin. J, ; Passe-SMmith. T. (1996) Open World: International Political Economy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Pub Griesgraber,J. M. Gunter B. G. (1996) The World’s Monetary System: towards stability and Sustainability in the Twenty-first Century. London: Pluto Press Hill C. W. L. (2002) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace 3rd ed. London: McGraw-Hill Irwin Irwin,A. I. (1999) Do we need the WTO? Available: http://www. cato. org/pubs/journal/cj19n3/cj19n3-2. df (Accessed: 17 March. 2012) Kruger,A. (June 2004) The IMF at 60: Equipped for Today's Challenges? Available: http://www. imf. org/external/np/speeches/2004/062304. htm (Accessed: 17 March. 2012) Legrain,P. (2007) Open World: The Truth about Globalisation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Peet,R. (2007) The Geography of Power: the making of global economic policy. Oxford: University Press Peet,R. (2003) Unholy Trinity, The IMF, World Bank and WTO 2nd ed. London: Zed Books Pettinger,T. (2008, 10 November) Criticism of IMF. Available: http://econ. economicshelp. org/2008/11/criticism-of-imf. tml (Accessed: 17 March. 2012) Schaffer,G. (2009, February 24) Future of the WTO- Liberal Ideas and Domestic Politics. Available: http://uchicagolaw. typepad. com/faculty/2009/02/future-of-the-wto-liberal- ideas-and-domestic-politics-gregory-shaffer. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) Sinha,A. (2012) What are the important advantages of Free Trade ? http://www. preservearticles. com/201012291889/important-advantages-free-trade. html (Accessed: 20 March. 2012) Stiglitz,J. (2002) Globalization and its Discontents. London: Penguin Books Stiglitz,J. (2007) Making Globalization Work: The Next Steps to Global Justice.London: Penguin Weisbrot,M. (2001, December 25) Argentina's Crisis, IMF's Fingerprints. (Washington Post) Available: http://www. washingtonpost. com/ac2/wp-dyn? pagename=article&node=&contentId=A22623-2001Dec24 (Accessed: 20 March. 2012) World Bank Group. (2011) Azerbaijan Highway Program. Available: http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:22739570~menuPK:64256345~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) WTO. (2012) Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. Available:

Farewell Speech Essay

â€Å" Every new beginning comes from some other beginnings end. † – Seneca. Middle school ended and now High school has begun. We all go into high school not knowing what to expect. Like if you’ll have the same classes as your best friend, if you’ll have nice teachers, or if you’ll get dumped in a trash can on â€Å"Freshman Friday. † The toughest thing is not knowing which of your friends for middle school will be at your school and which ones won’t be, if your best friend is going to a different school then you. But it’s O. K. high school is a new beginning we get to reconnect with old friends from elementary school and see our friends from last year to. As time goes by and with each of our classes you build new friendships that strengthen as the year goes on. The more you get involved in school the more you get to become friends with more people. I did Cheerleading for school this year and I have no regrets, I made so many new friends because of it they’re like my sisters now. I was also a wrestling manager and that was great I can’t wait to do it again next year, I didn’t only become close with the other managers I also became close with the wrestlers, they’re like brothers now. But no matter how many friends you made in high school you never lose touch with the ones you had in middle school. Every Freshman had those â€Å"Freshman Fears. † Some not as bad others, but everyone has them. Like the fear of â€Å"Freshman Friday† it’s funny because we never actually had that. It’s something they say to scare us†¦. And it works every time. We worry about if we have good teachers or not. Most of them are, but that’s your own opinion. Will we have a lot of our friends in our class? Are they going to have the same lunch as us? We get scared that we’ll get lost in the hall ways, or seniors will run us over. We have so many worries because of what we hear about high school, and that sense we’re the youngest in the school we have the worst teachers. It’s not like that at all in fact this year of high school was great, I wouldn’t change it at all. Yeah, this year wasn’t perfect, there was still drama and fights, but once everyone got past all that this year was really fun. Football games were always fun, everyone went to them and had a great time. Pep rallies are interesting, especially when the seniors and juniors try to win the spirit stick. A lot of people try to make high school sound scary and horrible, but it hasn’t been bad at all. I’ve had a great year and can’t wait to see how the rest of high school will be.

Nursing Leadership & Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Leadership & Management - Essay Example For the case of the CNL, they have no option but to always assess the context of the situation prior to selecting the leadership style in the course of dispensing duties in the hospital setting. This also relates to the fact that each organization functions on its own rules and already has a defined culture (Chapman, Johnson & Kilner, 2014). In line with this argument the leadership role and management of the CNL needs to depend on the context and the leader has to be extremely flexible while using either of leadership styles. According to the tasks of the CNL, the application of a historical assessment of leadership style may prove useful in their line of work as Chapman, Johnson & Kilner (2014) indicate. Since the tasks of the CNL are diverse, complex, and novel in the field of nursing, the nurse leader may assess the success of the leadership styles before and evaluate if the same are applicable in their present setting. If the leader manages to create a leadership pattern, then he/she has a proper chance of successful execution of duties in the hospital setting. Evidently, the CNL is expected to create an effective team through his/ her leadership styles in the hospital setting. Chapman, Johnson & Kilner (2014) write that effective teams need to be developed if the organization has to function as a unit and achieve the set objectives. This means that it is the responsibility of the CNL to make sure that they learn the strengths and the weak points of the team members so as he/she can devise the most effective way of leading them. On another view point Chapman, Johnson & Kilner (2014) are of the opinion that leadership must also ensure that the healthcare services are cost effective and that the quality of the services does not go down. This means that Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) has to always make sure that the

Immuno-labelling, fluorescence microscopy and live time-lapse imaging Lab Report

Immuno-labelling, fluorescence microscopy and live time-lapse imaging - Lab Report Example The background of the alterations in the cell behaviour to include shape and movement is examined in the paper. The paper seeks to explain the significance of the microtubules in the cell, which is to increase the motility of the cells and the affinity of the cells on different reactions as detected in the body and the cell physiologies (Diaspro, 2011. p. 125). The examination of the process of immune labelling in the experiment to detect the presence and effects of the proteins in the cells is explained. The aims and objectives of an experiment basically answer the intent of the experiment. In this case the aims are directed towards the administration and examination of the cell physiology and the detection of the cell proteins and the reaction tests of the antibodies and antigens of the cell. This work explores on the background of the experiment and the purposes of the involvement of the cell physiological processes and the influences they have, such as the proteins, microtubules. The explanations of the experiment’s procedures, the tasks, actions, results and the findings are all covered in the paper. Introduction Immuno-labelling, fluorescence microscopy and live time-lapse imaging involves the cellular biological experiments which aim to detect as well as visualize the structures of the cells while analyzing the cellular changes in the cell and its substructures during a certain period of the body biological processes (Reimer & Kohl, 2008). This experiment involves the study of the immune system dynamics in the human tracheal cells. The involvement of the fluorescent microscopy in the experiment implies the detection of the fluorescent protein in the cell organelles, while observing other defects in the structure of the cell during the experiment. The experiment is not targeted at one result as the process includes diverse measures to analyze different structures in the cells. The process generally involves the analysis of the cell health to entire ty (Widdows, Kingdom & Ansari, 2009 pp 735). Immuno labelling is a biological process that involves the detection of antigen to a particular site in a cell, tissue or organ. In any immune labelling reaction the antigen and the antibody reacts within the given organ or tissue or cell in the experiment. The experimentation of the immuno labelling in the cell experiments are meant to reveal information about the cell or the substructures of the cells. In these processes, the antigens can be detected and visualizes using a combination of antigen-specific antibody in the process of detection referred to as tag, which is covalently related to the antibody (Tiwari & Nagai, 2013. pp 497). The immune cytochemistry, which is the process involving the imagery and analysis of the cell biology through fluorescent microscopy, compare the amplification strategies for the primary antibody detection in the cells. The results of the experiment after the detection analysis are used to direct action to wards achieving the recommended remedies (Hyatt & Wise, 2001. pp 97). Background of the Experimental Processes The cells of the immune system in the human body explore a wider existence territory than any other cells in the biological systems. The immune-imagery involves t6he visualization of the cells in the native tissues with the intent to detect the changes in the cell biological process of the cell. This process involves the quantification of the immune responses at the cellular level. It is through the process that the

The Paper Tiger Reasons for Legalizing Drugs Essay

The Paper Tiger Reasons for Legalizing Drugs - Essay Example Legalization arguments are paper tigers that, when confronted by reason, leave no doubt that drugs should not be legalized. Advocates will often point to our Constitution to justify the stand that all people should be free to ruin their life with a drug habit. Of course while no one but the most radical elements advocate legalization for children, assuming that it only applies to adults stretches the meaning of freedom to the point that it becomes unrecognizable. Adults are not simply individuals living in a vacuum, unaffected by and having no impact on the world around us. People have families, communities, cultures, and societies that they are a part of. A person's freedom of choice must be carefully balanced against societies obligation to protect all of its members. The myth that the abuser is the only victim of drug addiction simply does not apply to the parent who is neglecting their children because they are too high to understand the responsibilities of adequate parenting. Legalization advocates often link the ideal of freedom with ethics. They point to the inherent unfairness and hypocrisy of a government that condones alcohol use but condemns marijuana users to prison or probation. However, this argument merely draws attention away from the real issue. The controversy is not the safety and status of alcohol. The issue should remain focused on the legalization of drugs and not an issue of which drug is better or worse. Proponents likewise point to the unfairness in the application of the drug laws as a reason for legalization. They cite the disproportionate number of minorities and poor in prison for violating the drug statutes. Milton Friedman, a leading legalization advocate, asks, "Can any policy, however high-minded, be moral if it leads to widespread corruption, imprisons so many, has so racist an effect" (P14}. While his sympathy may be admirable, his reasoning is flawed. If police forces are using racism or a policy of corruption to enforce the law, then that is the issue that needs to be addressed. It is not t he drug law; it's the application that needs examined. If a preponderance of murderers on death row are minorities, and they probably are, no one would advocate legalizing murder, and we should not legalize drugs in a misguided effort to correct deficiencies in our enforcement efforts. Our current strategy of enforcement has resulted in a ballooning population of prison inmates, many who are there as either a direct or indirect result of drug addiction. Opponents of strict drug enforcement question whether we can afford the continued incarceration of drug offenders (Currie, P10). The real question is; can we afford not to Crimes resulting from drug use often fall into two categories; the property crime committed to get money to purchase drugs, and the crime committed during an altered state of mind and loss of rational behavior. Bennett tells us that if drugs were legalized, "drug use would soar" (P13). The crimes that result from the drug user's impaired judgment would increase proportionately. But would legalization reduce property crime Advocates would have us believe that the greater access to a legal supply

Essay Chosen organisation IKEA Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Chosen organisation IKEA - Essay Example But, the strategy of IKEA is to target middle class families on global level with variety in designs, quality and price. Companies like Sears, JC-Penny, Flanigan and Raymour are competitors to IKEA in the USA. Competitors in Europe include companies like John Lewis, Argos, B&Q and TESCO. Apart from furniture, the extensive range of products of IKEA includes lighting, textiles & rugs, Kitchenware, flooring, storage furniture, beds and mattresses tools and hardware. The IKEA Concept is based on offering a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them as mentioned in the website of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. --------------------------------- 1. The Local, Ikea hit by strikes in France, 14 February 2010, http://www.thelocal.se/24980/20100214/ (accessed April 19, 2005). The IKEA Concept guides the way IKEA products are designed, manufactured, transported, sold and assembled. 2 IKEA's business stra tegy hinges on sustainability and environmental design. The sustainability programs of IKEA envisage social, environmental and economic issues. Internal Environment Strengths and weaknesses of a company are mostly related to internal aspects. The internal environment of IKEA in terms of competitive advantage, market position and financial resources, is by and large conducive for a sustainable growth. Competitive advantage of a company arises out of several factors and the business plan which is very difficult to duplicate and the absence alternate products available cheaply enable IKEA to exploit the opportunities effectively and overcome the external threats. IKEA has established name for itself with designs, quality and competitive pricing in the markets world over. The company has been successful in leveraging its core competency in furnishing to a complete range of related or associated products ranging from flooring to lighting in its business by taking advantage of the externa l environment. Value creation and value addition has been a constant endeavor of the company through continuous introduction of new designs for keeping its position ahead of the competition. . Intangible resources are more difficult for the competitors to understand and replicate the models for catching up with a company in competition. Constant innovation is possible only when the invisible and intangible resources of the company are superior. For instance, special collection of home furnishings using recyclable or unusual materials is a novel idea in tune with the environmental awareness among the public. ------------------------------ 2. Inter IKEA Systems B.V., The IKEA Concept, http://franchisor.ikea.com/showContent.asp?swfId=concept2 (accessed April 19, 2011). The other special features internal environment in the case of IKEA are Modernized plants, global network for distribution, expansion in line with the globalization, balanced and efficient business model, innovative mark eting strategies, cost structure and organizational culture. For example, the relentless cost cutting exercises undertaken by IKEA has been one of the main factors which catapulted the company to its

It has been suggested that the 1960s was a response to the 1950s Essay

It has been suggested that the 1960s was a response to the 1950s Wonderbread Years. cite your position on this argument. (use - Essay Example Though on the surface the United States in the 1950s was a place of growth and opportunity, just below that surface simmered a riptide of dissent. Segregation was still alive, and Jim Crow laws throughout the South kept the African-American population oppressed (Lindop and DeCapua 58). In 1954, the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education ruled segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and in 1957 that decision was enforced in Little Rock, Arkansas (Lindop and DeCapua 60). Due to this and other court rulings regarding segregation, the 1960s saw a strong Civil Rights Movement sweep across the United States. African-Americans sent word to the entire nation that in the eyes of the law they were now thought of as equal; thus, they would solider on until society accepted them as such. In Greensboro, North Carolina, four African-American students waged a sit-in at a previously segregated, all-white lunch counter on February 1, 1960, igniting non-violent protests at lunch counters all across the still-segregated South (Farber and Baily 16). The next year saw whites and African-Americans riding buses side-by-side protesting segregation throughout the South while 1963 brought a massive march on Washington, D.C for equal rights (Morgan 23). All of these actions culminated in the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which did away with discrimination based on race, color, creed, or sex, and the Voting Rights Act, which finally allowed African-Americans to vote without being afraid of violence or harm (Morgan 21). While the 1960s saw the main action of the Civil Rights Movement, the 1950s were its predecessor, its catalyst, and its instigator as the African-American population of the nation sought to prove what had been laid out by law. African-Americans were not alone in their quest for equal treatment. Women who had previously enjoyed independence while the men were abroad in World War II were once again relegated to home and kitchen in the 1950s (Lindop and De Capua 130). It was taught that a woman should have little ambition in life aside from finding a good husband and settling down to bear children (Lindop and DeCapua 130). This attitude ceased in the 1960s when alongside the Civil Rights Movement, the feminist movement was also alive and well (Morgan 220). Covered in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbade discrimination based on color, creed, or sex, women still fought for equal treatment and pay in the workplace (Morgan 221). Groups, such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) and the Women’s Equity Action League, found no shortage of supporters (Morgan 221). Again, though the actions took place in the 1960s, they were a direct response to the 1950s, when the strong image of a woman supporting the home front was replaced with a woman relegated to shopping, cleaning, and cooking. Had the 1950s not worked so hard on repressing the women that only years before had attained independence supporting their families, then t he 1960s may not have produced such a startling and strong feminist movement. If the 1950s were known to advocate anything, it was conformity. Suburban tracts of homes were

Stages of writing development Personal Statement

Stages of writing development - Personal Statement Example I developed my ideas in informal writing and class discussion and then through writing interpretive essays.These activities, I believe help to aim to develop the writing skills needed for success in college and in the world after college. The course also represented an introduction to the study of literature and through it, I believe that my writing has become more tailored. This class taught me to go beyond the simple formula of the five-paragraph essay. Building on familiar principles (regarding thesis statements and topic sentences, for example), I was given opportunities to compose longer essays using a variety of organizational methods. As a result, I will not be intimidated by the longer assignments and I will employ all that I already know about composing essays for my writing in other subject areas. My papers in my other classes will be built on my experience in this one. For four years, I will be asked to read, do research, gather data, analyze it, think about it, and then communicate it to others in a form in which enables them to asses it and use it.

Role of Mental Health Nurse in a Forensic Unit Essay Example for Free

Role of Mental Health Nurse in a Forensic Unit Essay The role of the mental health nurse MHN) while always having the same basic skills set will have a different emphasis within the various service settings such as Community, Acute or Forensic which is the topic of this essay The forensic MHN specialises in the assessment and treatment of people who may be mentally ill and are normally in the criminal justice system with the service provided in a secure environment. They may also work with victims and others on the edge of the system such as those where other services are unable to cope with them due to their behaviour disrupting others (rethink 2011). Forensic means relating to the law (Kettles et al, 2008) but for mental health nursing it has come to refer to the setting in which the service is provided. Such settings include: * A Community forensic mental health team * Prisons. * Secure hospitals – with a range of levels from low to high Within prisons there is the primary level of health care run by the nurse and other general practitioners who are the first point of call in most prisons. The second level is the equivalent of the community mental health teams and is the mental health In Reach team, normally only a MHN. Very few have a full multi-disciplinary team (McMurran, 2009, p.72). Within the forensic setting the nurse faces a number of challenges. There are ethical issues for the MHN in offering an equivalent service. Justifying access to the health care they may need and not being judgemental no matter what the morals or beliefs of the nurse can be very hard with some types of offenders who may have committed horrific crimes. The Code of Conduct by which all nurses have to abide by states we must: Care for our patients and treat each person as an individual as well as being an advocate to patients we care for. (NMC 2008) Another issue is that the MHN won’t have ready access to the offenders and vice versa as the setting is likely to be a controlled environment and the nurse or offender would have to ask the prison officer to escort them. â€Å"Prisoners can request to see a healthcare professional by putting in a general application†. (Rethink 2011) In some of the higher security settings the offenders might be afraid to visit the MHN as they may feel vulnerable or reluctant to get help for fear of being attacked back on the wing. They may also feel that there is a stigma that is still in some places attached to Mental Illness. The forensic MHN needs to support the client and help them to be able to access the care they need in line with the Codes of Conduct we have to abide by: Treating people as a whole ( NMC 2008) The Therapeutic relationship is key for the mental health nurse. It about being able to organise the kind of conditions that will help to alleviate distress, to help with the process of recovery and learning and about being able to care for the service user. In the forensic setting, the natures of the work place could make this very difficult.

Management Principles: The Latham Report

Management Principles: The Latham Report The Latham report (July 1994) commissioned by UK Gov, written by Sir Michael Latham was an influential report defining the construction industries failures, constraints and procedures. The report identifies construction projects from start to finish, including the understanding of professional rolls, contract variations to achieve best practices including procurement and contract mediation. Clients are understood as having a key role towards the speed of a construction project. Understanding the nature of the construction industry is said to be essential to gain a better understanding of how a project will proceed. Lathams report recommended that such tasks will also have to include legal advice from certified consultants such as the client representative. Areas such as notifiable projects, professionals, communication, declaration of roles and responsibilities, project frameworks, governing bodies, liability, design procurement should all be generally understood within a clients role. Contractors where greatly influenced by Sir Michael Latham recommendations, he said that the principles of communication between contractors within the construction industry are currently having a detrimental effect on site activities and costs. He thought private sectors should get together to establish a clients forum. Latham determined that a checklist of design responsibilities should be prepared in order to prevent confusion to determine the liability of a project team. Sir Michael Latham thought that the use of co-oridinated project information should be written into contracts as a legal requirement, Latham ultimately wanted contractors to communicate better between themselves in order to assist the prevention of delays in a construction project. The Latham report talks about the responsibility of building services and design. The report highlighted that contracts agreed between professionals should be defined in a clear and precise manner; he maintained that everyone involved within a construction project should be able to understand the context of their contracts. Design and build of a contract largely depends on the project involved. The Latham report states basic design decisions on procurement should precede the preparation of an (outlined) project brief, as any project brief will largely depend on procurement matters to actually determine the structure of a projects brief. Duties, Accountability and delegation are all highlighted in The Latham Report, simplifying the delegation of duties highlighting possible penalties within a consultants/employed role for a construction project. Sir Michael Latham interpreted construction founders and agencies such as the CIC (Construction Industry Council), ECA (Electrical Contractors Association), BEC (Federation of Master Builders) FMB to help increase awareness of duties, accountability and delegation. Principles of accountability should delegate rolls duties therefore determining liability and responsibility for a professional. Simply stating tasks like responsibilities and consequences to clients and in contracts will make a construction projects duties more defined and easier to determine, therefore contributing to a smoother process. Task 2 Pioneers of scientific management are considered to be H. Gannt, Lilian Gilbert and Frederick W. Taylor. The Later Scientific school theories are largely dependent of the works of these economists. They aimed to influence industrial production with their interpretation of strategy towards the running of a more productive business, in turn lowering production costs and increasing company profits. Frederick W. Taylor quotes Taylors work influenced the general deminer of a company increasing the motivation of a work force by identifying key aspects of the managerial process like, constant innovations being discovered through the efficient use of testing (time trial .e.g.), seeking more effective equipment to decrease workmans efforts and hopefully increase the longevity of production and implementing framework organisation such as University Power Points Contingency School is a trend of management stating there is no single way to manage, different approaches to management result in different results, therefore highlighting management as an area that can greatly vary between personal. Managers are faced with the task its self to determine the management involved, for example selecting a manager for a retail shop will be very different to selecting a manager of an oil rig. Contingency thinking helps not apply 1 best way to management; it will understand the situation in front of them and aim to apply an effective managerial approach to the selection and implementation of a manager and a mangers role. Contingency was developed from many theorists concurrently in the late 1960s, Max Webber 1846 -1920 Bureaucratic Management and Frederick Winslow Taylors Scientific Management where considered to be part of the founders of economic interpretation. Frederick W. Taylor sometimes called the father of management, was a leader of the efficiency movement toward economics. He published The Principles of Management in 1911 based on his own past experiences of management interrupted towards looking into more efficient management processes, Taylors interpretation of scientific management contained 4 principles: Management Culture: China And United Kingdom Management Culture: China And United Kingdom Introduction: In this essay we are going to compare the Chinese and UK approaches to organization management culture. Taking into consideration recent phenomenon, rapid growth rate of businesses in China, expanding and growing investment portfolios have made noticeably Chinese businesses meaning, and foreign investors wanting to set a business in China. Whats interesting is the Chinese have different style, attitude and negotiation process towards employees and organisation as to the UK. The essay will state the differences between organizations in both countries and to look at the cultural dimension of both the East and the West, taking into account the different managerial styles and most importantly culture, whilst comparing both countries. The issue of globalization slides across as the process has made businesses able to connect worldwide. In order to get a closer look, case-studies will be examined looking at companies from a Chinese and UK business perspective. Despite the differences, comp lexity, similarities or disadvantage of one model to another, the Chinese way of operating is interesting especially seeing the importance and link between the countrys culture, relationships and positions in management. China has been a great country in terms of great power, which also is one of the second largest economic in the world after USA and their businesses have been booming extravagantly and expanding as well. However, China has the highest current currency reserved in the world today. Management culture in the china and in UK has been slowly integrated with one another. The Chinese management culture has undergone a period of flooded to the West and returning to the East. However we are going to examine the main dimension of culture, how they relates to businesses in China and UK. Different management researchers all over the continent have focused to the traditional Chinese management culture, whose ideal is in human orientation, and behavioural cultivation by self-disp line. This essay will consider the overall differences between the management cultures of China and the UK. In doing so the essay will consider both the general differences in cultural considerations as well as specific considerations and concepts which are present in Chinese management styles and cultures and how they relate or contrast to elements of the UK management culture.(Dongshui Su2001) Culture: In general terms it is accepted that there is a link between national cultures and management cultures (Handy 1999 p196-197). Hofstede (1980) considered a model of national cultures based upon the following four elements: Individualist vs Collectivist Low vs High power distance Low vs High Uncertainty avoidance Feminine vs Masculine traits From a national cultural perspective Hofstede identified that those countries of the Anglo-Saxon block which include the UK tend to exhibit a profile based around individualistic behaviour, low power distance, middling uncertainty avoidance and a high degree of masculinity. In comparison Eastern cultures were seen as having a greater degree of collectivist behaviour, a middling power distance a high avoidance of uncertainty and a high level of masculinity. As such in comparing the two cultures one may consider that there is a general convergence in the ability of exhibiting masculine behaviour whist there is a much more distinct difference in attitudes on the scale of individualistic vs. collectivist style behaviour. Chinese managers strongly believe in order and traditional values. Thus, Chinese bosses precisely like to share task to teams or groups to work in collective effort to enhance Just In Time (JIT ), and help the employees to work together and learn from each other as well. Although there are some disadvantages to work as team or group delays business project, in the sense that some individual would be sluggish on their own task, and when its time for promotion or bonuses equal reward would be given. In general terms whilst not as diametrically opposed Chinese culture may be seen as representing a much higher adversity to risk taking than that of the Anglo-Saxon countries. This may be seen as represented by the national differences in attitudes towards savings with Chinese citizens saving four times that of their Western counterparts (Graham and Lam 2003). In considering the effects of individualist models against those of collectivist cultures this has an impact for the consideration of overall management culture for instance the manager in an individualistic culture such as the UK will have to consider getting the best out of those they manage by aligning the best interests of the employee and the company from the individualistic perspective of the employee. For instance a popular way of rewarding employees in the UK is through a bonus culture in which the individual stands to benefit personally by meeting the needs of the organisation a theory which is largely embodied by Vrooms expectancy theory (Robbins 2007). In contrast management culture in a more collective society such as that of China may be seen as being able to appeal to the nature of employees to contribute towards the wider good of the organisation for which they have a greater sense of belonging to as a community than their UK counterparts. As such managers in such a cu lture may focus on giving praise and public recognition to employees with in the company before considering the need to use an extrinsic reward as a method of motivation. In addition the overall level of risk aversion within the national culture may be seen as translating into a model of management cultural and organisational behaviour. In many instances managers in the less risk averse countries of the Anglo-Saxon model are rewarded by shareholders for making what may be seen as risky short term profits and thus from the management culture perspective such a culture permeates every level of the organisation. On the other hand those operating in a more risk averse society such as that of China may be seen as being rewarded for acting in a way which is much more conservative with an emphasis on long term stability and profitability rather than short term share based performance. As such this adds to the general slower pace of business within Chinese cultures as personified by the general longer length of time taken in negotiations within China as opposed to between Western businesses (Ambler et al 2009). In a recent interview by Yi Min a director of Le nova Group in Carolina, he points out that collectivistic culture is less in China, since the late 1990s when the one child policy came into effect. These individuals born after 1980 ba ling hou are much more individualistic than collectivistic. Management styles and human behaviours: In many ways it may be considered somewhat difficult to generalise on the differences between management styles in the UK and China given that management styles are not necessarily related to an individual national culture but further segmented down to the corporate level. For instance even solely within the UK there may be seen as a significant array of management styles and cultures from the more formal and hierarchical in public services and more traditional business through to the informal and flatter organisational behaviour exhibited in more contemporary business such as a management consultancy businesses or a software producer. As such this section will now consider specific differences which may be used to explain potential differences in management culture which are specific at the national level rather than the organisational. Face One key consideration which may be seen as affecting the overall management style between Chinese and UK businesses is the concept of face. Within the overall Chinese culture there is the need for relationships, transactions and events to portray those involved in a positive light. As such in Chinese management styles both the leader and the follower must consider carefully what impact their actions have on the reputation of those they are interacting with. This may lead to a generally much more formal style of management in which leaders and employees take particular care to respect the boundaries and roles of those involved. Graham and Lam (2003) note that transactions between Western and Chinese companies can often fail due to a lack of respect for such formalities in which the Western company often issues a call me Mary approach thus not respecting a seemingly small but significant cultural consideration. For the Chinese business this also presents significant problems internally , for instance there may be the need for a junior member of staff to point out an operational issue for which there is a ready solution however in brining the problem the attention of a superior this may be seen as providing a conflict for the employee who may consider whether or not such an action will make his supervisor lose face. The Chinese prefer a more structural form and hierarchy followed way although much of this comes from the Confucian culture, which stresses the importance of social hierarchy, groups and positions. Empowerment: Organisations in the UK and the West believe in empowering its employees contrary to the Chinese, whom believe that when the task is not done, their boss would blame them. Chinese people do not like to be blamed. They prefer to be responsible for the work they handle themselves rather than to be empoweredto take on something new because of the fear of failure. Furthermore, if the Chinese managers apply the system of empowering subordinates , middle workers keep getting cut in organisations and somebody has to take up the task that used to be done there. The key for leaders would be to look for the right balance between empowering and doing the work themselves. As such a cultural concept can thus lead to a management style which encourages overall poorer organisational performance as performance suffers at the consideration of relationships. There is the consideration that in the UKs culture such considerations do not feature so widely and as such managers and followers are able to be much more frank about operational issues without considering a criticism of process or procedure to be a personal affront against the person responsible for it.. Chinese family businesses Another consideration in the concept of management style is that of the Chinese family business. Commentators highlight the fact that the structural form of a business will often have an impact on the cultural elements of the business (Johnson et 2008, Robins 2007) as such given the wide spread nature of the Chinese family business model this must be taken into account. Research suggests that to a large extent business in China is internalised into family groups a model which although suppressed under communism has re-emerged after the liberalisation from the smallest business to the largest conglomerate (Chen 2001). However the family business model goes beyond that of ownership as paraphrased by the consideration of the phrase family first, business second (Chen 2001 p20). This presents a key cultural difference between in cultural approaches to the running of a business between those in China and the UK. In the UK one may see that culture largely compartmentalises life bringing a clear separation between ones personal family interests and ones work or careers interests. On the other hand the Chinese family business model suggests that work and business life represent an extension of the family rather than a separate activity as in the UK model. This has major implications for management style and culture as one has to consider that under the Chinese family business model individual traits of families and their relationships will carry over into business practises as such Chinese businesses following the family business model may have a propensity to exhibit a greater level of paternalistic style of management as embodied in the family relationship than under UK models of business ownership. Process Another consideration is that there is a fundamental cultural difference between Chinese and UK cultures in regard to what is important when considering the issues of process and results. UK culture and human behaviour may be seen as to a large extent as steeped in the utilitarian philosophy in which the overall focus has become that of the result. Ultimately the utilitarian philosophy states that the only consideration is that of result and that process or how one gets to that result is completely immaterial (Graafland 2007 p149-155, Velasquez 1998 p73). This is in stark contrast to Chinese culture which built upon the cultural values of Confucianism amongst other philosophies emphasises the importance of process rather than results (Graham and Lam 2003). Although these are cultural considerations the impact upon management styles is quite formidable, as such Western approaches towards management tend to focus on results and speed of transactions were as Chinese approaches tend to f ocus the overall quality of the experience. As such UK management culture many be seen as focusing on contracts and short term transactional results whilst Chinese management cultures may be seen ad focusing largely on the building of longer term relationships over a much longer period of time. Negotiations: Negotiations may be seen as one of the most important measures of difference between Chinese and UK management styles given that the negotiation between a company from each country will highlight the exact differences in cultural terms. This section will now consider a number of specific elements which may be seen as having various degrees of difference between the styles and cultures of both nations. Negotiation in the china is seen as very frustrating and complicated because of the Chinese business culture, the Western businessmen see it as vast different. When comparing to UK businessmen who are very direct and straight forward when negotiating with foreign investors or internal businessmen. when negotiating with the West, both parties would come to agreement, so that the goals are met in a shorter time. Its much more different in China, before doing a business you need to have a middleman Zhong Yong someone in the middle that would put you through during the negotiation with the people involved. Having a middle man is idealist in China and comes at a great advantage, the Zhong Yong helps to facilitate the business activity and might act as a sign or guarantee of confidence from the eastern negotiator Time scales In general terms having considered the cultural considerations in the previous section time scales would seem to be a significant area of cultural difference between UK and Chinese companies. In general terms UK companies and negotiators may be seen as placing a high value on speed of negotiation and getting a final contract signed representing a results based approach. Chinese culture on the other hand may be seen as fuelling an approach in which time is much less valued with negotiations taking much longer over a larger number of meeting in which the process and quality of the negotiating experience is considered as more important than the actual result in the form of a contract. The barriers to entry and business start up in developing countries like China could have a fringe on its management technique and negotiation. Barriers like high level of government intervention, cost, taxes, policies, regulations. In respect to time, a good comparison is shown by a World Bank business survey on how long it takes to start a business in China and in the West. It goes on to show that starting a business in China could take up to 35days and in the UK would take up to 7 days. These barriers to entry shy way foreign investors and migrant (labour).Making it increasingly difficult to work, understand and adapt to another environment. Although things are changing in China with the influence of globalisation. Another key factor for the Western negotiator is communication, if for example the people involved are of different cultures, there is likely to be some language barrier in their method of communication. In the case when two people communicate they rarely talk about the same subject, but different meaning is laid out by each persons own due to culture Herbig,(1997). In negotiating in China, the Western businessmen need to know that conflict might occur where an individual does not know how to behave in the meeting. For example Chinese people read meaning to human behaviour a lot; They sit upright when sitting in chair with both feet on the floor and find it rude to point out your feet at another person. Trust: A concept and perception that last with the Chinese Culture, the importance of trust when doing business in China is highly regarded. Chinese negotiators look out for this in the Western negotiator for example if you did not attend the same school with the person, you just do not know them enough for them to build strong trust right away. They believe first make friend and then do business . The Westerns usually operate in a different manner and are more direct and straight forward, willing to accept your word.(Europe Asia Company Directory 1998) Guanxi One of the key elements to consider in the process of negotiation with Chinese entities is the concept of Guanxi, in general terms Guanxi represents the element of personal connections (Graham and Lam 2003 p39). The concept may be likened largely to that of the Western concept of networking however there a number of fundamental differences in that UK networks often focus on immediate transactions between those in the network and the benefits of such a network are often expected to be honoured at the time such as in reciprocal trading agreements, X offers Y and expects Z to immediately respond with a reciprocal benefit. In the Chinese negotiation process there is the consideration that such networks are based upon much longer term considerations and that a party will give or receive a benefit but may not return or receive the benefit for a long period of time to come. For the Western negotiator this may present a confusing evaluation, on the one hand a negotiation may seem a poor one from a single transaction perspective however in reality the negotiator may have banked a significant level of capital for future use. On the other hand a negotiator may have got what they consider a good deal however the ignoring of reciprocating such a deal in the favour of the other party in future could leave the company in a position of significant difficulty further down the line. Globalisation: The increased level of economic integration or globalisation may be seen as the overall justification for the research into the subject of the differences between Chinese and Western approaches to management and organisational behaviour. Globalisation in the context of Chinese and UK cultures may be seen as coming from three key driving forces, firstly the consideration that many companies since Chinas integration into the wider economy have seen China as a key source of resources be this in form of cheap labour or commodities such as oil and minerals. Secondly there is the consideration that many businesses see China as not a source of materials for export but a market for further development of sales. Finally there is the consideration that China does not simply represent a market and supplier for Western companies but also that China also has its own companies which wish to trade with the West for the same reasons. As such all of these drivers of globalisation bring together a nee d for those involved to understand and negotiate with what at times may be seen as quite opposing sets of cultures. The process of globalisation may be seen as largely a two way process in regard to the changing and acceptance of management cultures. On the one hand those businesses that have undertaken ventures in China have had to adapt to local customs and cultures with those companies such as GM who have localised their management styles and cultures doing significantly better than those such as Ford who had moved into the Chinese market using standardised models (Graham and Lam 2003, Hutchings 2001). However China in its economic integration with the wider world has also had to make concessions which have had a large impact on cultural elements. For instance as part of Chinas ascension to the WTO the Chinese government has had to significantly make recognition of such elements as contracts and intellectual property. Given the unimportance of contracts within the Chinese business culture this may be seen as a key way in which Chinese culture has began to adapt to Western cultural models as muc h as Western companies have had to adapt to Chinese cultural models. A final consideration in that of the globalisation process is the role of the overseas Chinese, a natural characteristic of the Chinese psyche may be seen as the suspicion of foreigners (Graham and Lam 2003). As such the overseas Chinese populations often provide a useful set of intermediaries between two sets of differing cultures in which the on the Chinese side of the supply chain gain the ability to trade with a trusted individual whilst the Western side of the supply chain has an asset in the form of a person who understands the intricacies of both the UK and Chinese cultures. Conclusions: There are many conclusions that can be drawn from the research which has been carried out, in the first instance one can see a direct link between the elements of national culture and management culture for both the Chinese and UK models of management and organisation culture. This has a distinct positive implication for these who may be seen as being able to bridge the gap between these cultures such as the overseas Chinese who on the one hand do not generate the initial suspicion of foreigners which is endemic to the Chinese culture but on the other hand have a deeper understanding of the national culture and thus management culture of the country for which they have settled in, the UK in this case. Other conclusions are that despite the high level of differences between UK and Chinese cultural models there are many elements which although not exactly matching have to a greater or lesser extent a general fit for example the Chinese concept of Guanxi may whist not exactly fitting wi th the Western concept of networking dose none the less have a resonance which allows Western managers to adapt the model to understand the Chinese version. Finally one must consider the distinct difference between UK and Western models of management culture in relation to Chinese models, whist the essay has often used the Western and UK concepts of culture interchangeably given that the UK may be seen as representing the West there are subtle differences when specifically considering the UK in comparison especially with the US version of the concepts considered. In many respects UK management culture may be seen as having a greater chance of success in adapting to Chinese models of management culture than that of the US for reasons which may be seen as owing to historical cultural considerations. For example whist there has been a link draw between the concept of networking and Guanxi the British concept of the old boys network may be seen as even more aligned to the concept than that of the original networking consideration. In addition the general British concept of gentlemanly conduct and a slower pace of life may also be seen as pro viding a greater resonance between Chinese and UK management cultures in comparison to the wider concept of Western comparisons.

Health Three Levels Of Promotion Health And Social Care Essay

Health Three Levels Of Promotion Health And Social Care Essay The three levels of health promotion include primary, secondary, and tertiary. All levels are equally important and key in preventing disease and providing starting points for health care providers to offer patients positive, effective change. All levels are important in nursing because nurses are able to take part in almost every step of the promotion. Within the three levels of promotion, there are five steps. These steps include health promotion and specific protection (primary prevention); early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and disability limitation (secondary prevention); and restoration and rehabilitation (tertiary prevention) (Edelman Mandel, pg. 18). Primary prevention includes health promotion and specific protection (Edelman et al, pg. 18). In primary prevention, the main focus is to avoid the development of the disease and to focus on interventions to maintain a healthy life. Its purpose is to [also] decrease the vulnerability of the individual or population to disease or dysfunction (Edelman et al, p. 14). Nurses must do their part in encouraging preventative and appropriate interventions to improve patient health. Primary prevention also involves two further subdivisions that include health promotion and health protection. An example of health promotion would be educating a patient on their health or on nutrition. This type of promotion includes any type of education that would promote a healthy lifestyle. Health protection would be anything that would protect the patient from a disease. For example, health protection can include administering immunizations to reduce exposure the influenza virus this winter. Secondary prevention refers to activities like screening and early diagnosis that aid in treatment of the existing health problem, disease, or harmful situation. Secondary prevention ranges from providing screening activities and treating early stages of disease to limiting disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease (Edelman et al, p. 18). It is during secondary prevention when early detection occurs in the window of time just before symptoms are apparent, which fosters early treatment and delays onset of more serious symptoms (Murray, R., Zentner, J., Yakimo, p. 42). The difference between primary prevention and secondary prevention is simple. In primary prevention, the focus is more on how to prevent or decrease the probability of the disease or problem before it precedes and allots different suggestions to promote a healthy lifestyle. In secondary prevention however, the preventative methods are more focused on the actually screening and encourages ear ly detection and treatment before a serious disease occurs. Tertiary Tertiary prevention is the last level of promotion that promotes health. Tertiary prevention refers the person to optimum function or maintenance of life skills through long-term treatment and rehabilitation (Murray et al, p. 42). This form of prevention involves treatment, rehabilitation, prompt treatment, and patient education. Usually, tertiary prevention is used when the disability or disease cannot be reversed or is permanent. This level of prevention is easier to look at more as treatment rather than prevention. At this point, the disease has already been established, and the main focus is to minimize the detrimental effects of the disease process and maintain optimal health. It is important that the nurse ensure[s] that persons with disabilities receive services that enable them to live and work according to the resources that are still available to them (Edelman et al, p 19). In primary and secondary prevention, the treatment is geared more towards preventing the actual disea se and early diagnosis and detection. In tertiary treatment, the focus turns toward the reduction of any further complications once the disease process has already progressed. All three levels are equally important to prevent disease, but also have a key impact in health promotion in nursing. Health promotion and purpose for nursing Health promotion is behavior motivated by the persons desire to increase well-being and health potential (Murray et al pg. 42). Individually, patients must find that motivation to ensure and attain optimal health. Nurses, as well as many other health care providers play an important role in motivating and encouraging patients to maintain and strive towards better health. Here is where nurses can use all skills learned to use primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to encourage healthy lifestyles. Nursing roles and responsibilities The role of the nurse in health care promotion can be demanding, and tiresome, but in the end is simply gratifying. Nurses must take on many different roles to ensure that the patients are promoting and maximizing they health. These roles may include: educator, advocate, provider of care, researcher, care manager, and consultant. By incorporating all these different roles, nurses teach people how to remain healthy. Nurses must have an evidence-based understanding of the significant effect that can be made through health promotion interventions and communicate this understanding to the public at large (Murray et al, pg.42). The goal is for people to become more aware of lifestyle changes that can consequently worsen their health status and make the lifestyle changes to maintain a healthier lifestyle. Nurses can assist in promoting health in many different ways. Nurses are the educators in providing patients and their families with the proper resources to maintain a healthy life. Whether it means teaching on nutrition, immunizations, or diseases, nurses provide most of the teaching. Nurses can also be advocators by making sure the patient is receiving what they are entitled to in the health care system and from their provider. The nurse is to go to person when the provider is not available. Nurses also aid in providing the delivery of care, consulting the patient when any problem exists, and researching and relaying message to the provider when a problem or question exists. For example, in Healthy People 2010, nurses must take on the role in all of these situations to promote a healthier, better lifestyle. Implementation methods for health promotion In order to implement health promotion, nurses are taught to properly find alternative methods that personalize every patient in contact with their delivery of care. Not all forms of health promotion are done by the bedside nurse, but can also be encompassed by the clinic nurse and the community nurses. These levels of promotion can be brought on by the clinic and community nurse by offering different presentations regarding what is directly affecting the specific community. By involving the community in different methods of health care promotion and prevention, the nurse is doing his/her part to assist in primary and secondary promotion. Then, if the assistance is needed, tertiary prevention can be used. The nurse must learn to encompass and become familiar with every aspect of prevention and promotion in order to do his/her part in preventing and promoting healthier lifestyles. In order to facilitate and accommodate to patients needs, evidence based practice is key. There are many articles that can justify and help solidify the need for prevention and promoting in patient lifestyles. Compares the three levels of health promotion prevention First article The article that I found from the Grand Canyon University Library discussing primary prevention is called Opportunities for the Primary Prevention of Obesity during Infancy. This article discusses the opportunities that physicians have to decrease and prevent obesity during infancy. The article proved that through early intervention and prevention, great promise [holds] for interrupting the vicious cycle of obese children becoming obese adults who subsequently have obese offspring themselves (Paul, Bartok, Downs, Stifter, Ventura, and Birch). Evidenced proved that if providers instructed parents on different strategies to promote healthy behaviors, that the infants will have long lasting obesity preventive effects. By using primary prevention, obesity during infancy and possibly throughout the lifetime may be decreased by primary intervention. This article would be beneficial to nursing practice because throughout pregnancy, nurses would be able to show how vital it is to continue to maintain and continue to show healthy eating habits to pregnant mothers and their children to potentially avoid obesity and other health problems for the child. Second article The second article that I found from the Grand Canyon University Library discussing secondary prevention was called Running nurse-led secondary prevention clinics for coronary heart disease in primary care: qualitative study of health professionals perspective. This article was based on a nurse led trial that used secondary prevention to improve coronary heart disease and lower all-cause mortality during a four year follow up. This article emphasized on how this clinic was run by nurses and whether or not it was effective. Studies showed how it was viewed positively by most healthcare professionals that had been involved in running them, but barriers to their implementation had led most to stop running them at some point (Campbell Murcia). It also proved that although it might have been effective, many of variables interrupted in proving the study effective. Issues like lack of space and staff shortages, funding training, and communication arose within the practice and eventually en ded the study. The study still showed how effective the nurses ran the clinic and seemed to be able to do their part in preventing and lowering the occurrence of coronary heart diseases. Third article The third article I found in the Grand Canyon University Library on tertiary prevention is called Applying epidemiologic concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to the elimination of racial disparities in asthma. This article emphasized the importance in prevention in asthma. It stated that the primary prevention targets reductions in asthma incidence; secondary prevention is the mitigation of established disease and involves disease detection, management, and control; and tertiary prevention is the reduction of complications caused by severe disease, (Joseph, Williams, Own by, Saltzgaber, and Johnson). This article is good because it is able to illustrate all of the effects of proper primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The article showed how by managing, and understanding the disease, changes that could reduce asthma morbidity in US minorities and ultimately mitigate disparities (Joseph, et al). Conclusion This purpose of this paper was to inform the reader of the different levels of health promotion and the role that nurses must play in encouraging this care. Nurses can do their part in promoting a healthier lifestyle for their patients by using alternative methods of prevention. Primary prevention involves health promotion and protection, secondary prevention involves screening and early diagnosis, and tertiary prevention focuses on treating the actual disease and preventing any further complications. It is important for nurses to understand that the role they play on patient health care is vital. Patients rely on nurses to help alleviate and advocate for them when any sort of ailment or sickness occurs. In order for nurses to promote health they must become familiar with the different ways of helping to prevent and promote healthier lifestyles. The articles that were chosen in this article illustrated the different positive effects of prevention and the different ways nurses and hea lth care providers can promote a healthier lifestyle.

Cost of Goods Sold :: essays research papers

A figure of cost of goods sold reflecting the cost of the product or good that a company sells to generate revenue, appearing on the income statement, as an expense. Also, referred to as â€Å"cost of sales†. It is essentially a cost of doing business, such as the amount paid to purchase raw materials in order to manufacture them into finished goods. For example, if a $10 widget costs $6 to make, then the cost of goods sold is $6 per widget. That is, the cost of goods sold is equal to the beginning inventory plus the cost of goods purchased during some period minus the ending inventory. However, the meaning of the cost of goods sold differs from one company to another company. There are three types of companies such as merchandising, manufacturing, and service. The merchandising company such as retail stores and wholesalers sells goods that are usually same physical form as what the company acquires them. Therefore, those acquisition cost would be the cost of goods sold in merchandising company. The acquisition cost includes not only the cost of acquiring the merchandise but also the cost of making the goods ready for sale such as shipping costs. Let’s think of the following situation during the period. In addition to the beginning inventory, a company purchased additional merchandise so the amount of goods available for sale became the beginning inventory plus additional purchased merchandise. At the end of the period, the company wants to determine the amount of the cost of goods sold and ending inventory. How do they determine the amount of the cost of goods sold and ending inventory? There are two types of approaches: periodic inventory method and perpetual inventory method. The periodic inventory method is the following. (Cost of goods sold) = (Goods available for sales) – (Ending inventory) In the periodic inventory method, we determine the amount of ending inventory at the end of period, and then subtract the ending inventory from the goods available for sale. On the other hand, the perpetual inventory method is the following. (Ending inventory) = (Goods available for sales) – (Cost of goods sold) In the perpetual inventory method, we determine the amount of cost of goods sold, and then subtract the cost of goods sold from the goods available for sale. Therefore, we have to keep a record for inventory constantly. Although this record keeping is burdensome for some company, there are important advantages.